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Khadir and Bangar
Khādir or ''Khadar'' and Bāngar (Hindustani: खादर और बांगर, کهادر اور بانگر) are terms used in Hindustani, Punjabi and Sindhi in the Indo-Gangetic plains of North India and Pakistan to differentiate between two types of river plains and alluvial soils. ''Khadir'' or ''Khadar'' plains are those that are low-lying next to a river. ''Khadir'' areas are prone to flooding and sometimes include portions of former river-beds that became available for agriculture when a river changed course. ''Khadir'' soil consists of new alluvial deposits and is often very fertile. ''Bangar'' plains are more upland, and consist of older alluvial soil. ''Bangar'' areas are less prone to flooding but are usually more sandy and less fertile as well.
Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into ''doabs'' (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, ''khadir'' and ''bangar''. The centers of the ''doabs'' consist of ''bangar'' and the peripheries, which line the rivers, consist of ''khadir''. Historically, villages in the ''doabs'' have been officially classified as ''khadir'', ''khadir-bangar'' (i.e. mixed) or ''bangar'' for many centuries and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale. In some areas, these terms have become incorporated in several village names themselves, such as ''Murshidpur Bangar'' and ''Ranchi Bangar-Khadir'' in Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh. Other places include Chilla Saroda Bangar, Gharonda Neemka Bangar, Pehlad Pur Bangar, Rampur Bangar and Salarpur Khadar.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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